參考資訊：
https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/
https://www.cnblogs.com/polariszg/p/18615278
https://github.com/byte4RR4Y/aarch64-kernel-for-qemu
https://www.qemu.org/docs/master/system/riscv/virt.html
https://jasonblog.github.io/note/arm_emulation/compiling_linux_kernel_for_qemu_arm_emulator.html
$ cd
$ wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v6.x/linux-6.1.57.tar.gz
$ tar xvf linux-6.1.57.tar.gz
$ cd linux-6.1.57
$ ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- make defconfig
$ ARCH=arm64 CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu- make Image -j4
$ cd
$ sudo apt-get install binfmt-support qemu qemu-user-static debootstrap
$ sudo debootstrap --arch arm64 --foreign bookworm bookworm http://ftp.debian.org/debian/
$ sudo chroot bookworm /debootstrap/debootstrap --second-stage
$ sudo mount -o bind /dev bookworm/dev
$ sudo mount -o bind /sys bookworm/sys
$ sudo mount -o bind /proc bookworm/proc
$ sudo chroot bookworm
# passwd
# nano /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free
# exit
$ sudo umount bookworm/dev
$ sudo umount bookworm/sys
$ sudo umount bookworm/proc
$ qemu-img create debian.qcow2 1G
$ sudo modprobe nbd max_part=8
$ sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd0 debian.qcow2
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/nbd0
$ sudo mount /dev/nbd0 /mnt
$ sudo cp -a bookworm/* /mnt/
$ sudo umount /mnt
$ sudo qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0
$ sudo rmmod nbd
$ cp ~/linux-6.1.57/arch/arm64/boot/Image .
$ qemu-system-aarch64 -M virt -cpu cortex-a53 -m 1024M -nographic -kernel Image -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=n0,mac=FE:9c:37:4a:2c:93 -netdev tap,id=n0,ifname=tap0,script=no,downscript=no -append "root=/dev/vda console=ttyAMA0 rootwait" -drive file=debian.qcow2,if=virtio
[ 0.000000] Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0000000000 [0x410fd034]
[ 0.000000] Linux version 6.1.57 (steward@debian) (aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc (Debian 12.2.0-14) 12.2.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Debian) 2.40) #3 SMP PREEMPT Sat Jun 14 17:43:39 CST 2025
[ 0.000000] random: crng init done
[ 0.000000] Machine model: linux,dummy-virt
[ 0.000000] efi: UEFI not found.
[ 0.000000] NUMA: No NUMA configuration found
[ 0.000000] NUMA: Faking a node at [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x000000007fffffff]
[ 0.000000] NUMA: NODE_DATA [mem 0x7fdf1a00-0x7fdf3fff]
[ 0.000000] Zone ranges:
[ 0.000000] DMA [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x000000007fffffff]
[ 0.000000] DMA32 empty
[ 0.000000] Normal empty
[ 0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
[ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges
[ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x000000007fffffff]
[ 0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x000000007fffffff]
[ 0.000000] cma: Reserved 32 MiB at 0x000000007cc00000
[ 0.000000] psci: probing for conduit method from DT.
[ 0.000000] psci: PSCIv1.1 detected in firmware.
[ 0.000000] psci: Using standard PSCI v0.2 function IDs
[ 0.000000] psci: Trusted OS migration not required
[ 0.000000] psci: SMC Calling Convention v1.0
[ 0.000000] percpu: Embedded 29 pages/cpu s81704 r8192 d28888 u118784
[ 0.000000] Detected VIPT I-cache on CPU0
[ 0.000000] CPU features: kernel page table isolation forced ON by KASLR
[ 0.000000] CPU features: detected: Kernel page table isolation (KPTI)
[ 0.000000] CPU features: detected: ARM erratum 843419
[ 0.000000] CPU features: detected: ARM erratum 845719
[ 0.000000] alternatives: applying boot alternatives
[ 0.000000] Fallback order for Node 0: 0
[ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 258048
[ 0.000000] Policy zone: DMA
[ 0.000000] Kernel command line: root=/dev/vda console=ttyAMA0 rootwait
[ 0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 131072 (order: 8, 1048576 bytes, linear)
[ 0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 7, 524288 bytes, linear)
[ 0.000000] mem auto-init: stack:all(zero), heap alloc:off, heap free:off
[ 0.000000] Memory: 952468K/1048576K available (17472K kernel code, 4778K rwdata, 10388K rodata, 8704K init, 622K bss, 63340K reserved, 32768K cma-reserved)
[ 0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
[ 0.000000] trace event string verifier disabled
[ 0.000000] rcu: Preemptible hierarchical RCU implementation.
[ 0.000000] rcu: RCU event tracing is enabled.
[ 0.000000] rcu: RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=256 to nr_cpu_ids=1.
[ 0.000000] Trampoline variant of Tasks RCU enabled.
[ 0.000000] Tracing variant of Tasks RCU enabled.
[ 0.000000] rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 25 jiffies.
[ 0.000000] rcu: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=16, nr_cpu_ids=1
[ 0.000000] NR_IRQS: 64, nr_irqs: 64, preallocated irqs: 0
[ 0.000000] Root IRQ handler: gic_handle_irq
[ 0.000000] GICv2m: range[mem 0x08020000-0x08020fff], SPI[80:143]
[ 0.000000] rcu: srcu_init: Setting srcu_struct sizes based on contention.
[ 0.000000] arch_timer: cp15 timer(s) running at 62.50MHz (virt).
[ 0.000000] clocksource: arch_sys_counter: mask: 0x1ffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x1cd42e208c, max_idle_ns: 881590405314 ns
[ 0.000098] sched_clock: 57 bits at 63MHz, resolution 16ns, wraps every 4398046511096ns
[ 0.009892] Console: colour dummy device 80x25
[ 0.012792] Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 125.00 BogoMIPS (lpj=250000)
[ 0.013009] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
[ 0.014260] LSM: Security Framework initializing
[ 0.017756] Mount-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 0.017828] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 0.053081] cacheinfo: Unable to detect cache hierarchy for CPU 0
[ 0.061093] cblist_init_generic: Setting adjustable number of callback queues.
[ 0.061154] cblist_init_generic: Setting shift to 0 and lim to 1.
[ 0.061609] cblist_init_generic: Setting adjustable number of callback queues.
[ 0.061627] cblist_init_generic: Setting shift to 0 and lim to 1.
[ 0.064301] rcu: Hierarchical SRCU implementation.
[ 0.064364] rcu: Max phase no-delay instances is 1000.
[ 0.070102] EFI services will not be available.
[ 0.070892] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ...
[ 0.071007] smp: Brought up 1 node, 1 CPU
[ 0.071048] SMP: Total of 1 processors activated.
[ 0.071173] CPU features: detected: 32-bit EL0 Support
[ 0.071200] CPU features: detected: 32-bit EL1 Support
[ 0.071284] CPU features: detected: CRC32 instructions
[ 0.073305] CPU: All CPU(s) started at EL1
[ 0.073524] alternatives: applying system-wide alternatives
[ 0.093120] devtmpfs: initialized
[ 0.115668] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 7645041785100000 ns
[ 0.115857] futex hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 0.121516] pinctrl core: initialized pinctrl subsystem
[ 0.136071] DMI not present or invalid.
[ 0.146863] NET: Registered PF_NETLINK/PF_ROUTE protocol family
[ 0.162297] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL pool for atomic allocations
[ 0.163390] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA pool for atomic allocations
[ 0.164287] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA32 pool for atomic allocations
[ 0.164755] audit: initializing netlink subsys (disabled)
[ 0.172288] audit: type=2000 audit(0.152:1): state=initialized audit_enabled=0 res=1
[ 0.174305] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'step_wise'
[ 0.174366] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'power_allocator'
[ 0.174934] cpuidle: using governor menu
[ 0.176530] hw-breakpoint: found 6 breakpoint and 4 watchpoint registers.
[ 0.177074] ASID allocator initialised with 32768 entries
[ 0.185698] Serial: AMBA PL011 UART driver
[ 0.238278] 9000000.pl011: ttyAMA0 at MMIO 0x9000000 (irq = 13, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
[ 0.255567] printk: console [ttyAMA0] enabled
[ 0.271739] KASLR enabled
[ 0.327519] HugeTLB: registered 1.00 GiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[ 0.327880] HugeTLB: 0 KiB vmemmap can be freed for a 1.00 GiB page
[ 0.328126] HugeTLB: registered 32.0 MiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[ 0.328312] HugeTLB: 0 KiB vmemmap can be freed for a 32.0 MiB page
[ 0.328493] HugeTLB: registered 2.00 MiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[ 0.328678] HugeTLB: 0 KiB vmemmap can be freed for a 2.00 MiB page
[ 0.328862] HugeTLB: registered 64.0 KiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[ 0.329044] HugeTLB: 0 KiB vmemmap can be freed for a 64.0 KiB page
[ 0.353503] ACPI: Interpreter disabled.
[ 0.371161] iommu: Default domain type: Translated
[ 0.371495] iommu: DMA domain TLB invalidation policy: strict mode
[ 0.373536] SCSI subsystem initialized
[ 0.382184] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
[ 0.382672] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
[ 0.383073] usbcore: registered new device driver usb
[ 0.386323] pps_core: LinuxPPS API ver. 1 registered
[ 0.386526] pps_core: Software ver. 5.3.6 - Copyright 2005-2007 Rodolfo Giometti <giometti@linux.it>
[ 0.386906] PTP clock support registered
[ 0.391858] EDAC MC: Ver: 3.0.0
[ 0.414143] FPGA manager framework
[ 0.415377] Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Initialized.
[ 0.437506] vgaarb: loaded
[ 0.444798] clocksource: Switched to clocksource arch_sys_counter
[ 0.455964] VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.6.0
[ 0.456360] VFS: Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
[ 0.466831] pnp: PnP ACPI: disabled
[ 0.507036] NET: Registered PF_INET protocol family
[ 0.514420] IP idents hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes, linear)
[ 0.530471] tcp_listen_portaddr_hash hash table entries: 512 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear)
[ 0.530845] Table-perturb hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, linear)
[ 0.531144] TCP established hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, linear)
[ 0.531615] TCP bind hash table entries: 8192 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, linear)
[ 0.532215] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 8192 bind 8192)
[ 0.534401] UDP hash table entries: 512 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 0.534862] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 512 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 0.540560] NET: Registered PF_UNIX/PF_LOCAL protocol family
[ 0.551418] RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
[ 0.551699] RPC: Registered udp transport module.
[ 0.551853] RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
[ 0.552032] RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
[ 0.552376] PCI: CLS 0 bytes, default 64
[ 0.564937] hw perfevents: enabled with armv8_pmuv3 PMU driver, 7 counters available
[ 0.566108] kvm [1]: HYP mode not available
[ 0.575982] Initialise system trusted keyrings
[ 0.589207] workingset: timestamp_bits=42 max_order=18 bucket_order=0
[ 0.635532] squashfs: version 4.0 (2009/01/31) Phillip Lougher
[ 0.643129] NFS: Registering the id_resolver key type
[ 0.643877] Key type id_resolver registered
[ 0.644084] Key type id_legacy registered
[ 0.649132] nfs4filelayout_init: NFSv4 File Layout Driver Registering...
[ 0.649527] nfs4flexfilelayout_init: NFSv4 Flexfile Layout Driver Registering...
[ 0.650898] 9p: Installing v9fs 9p2000 file system support
[ 0.726280] Key type asymmetric registered
[ 0.726555] Asymmetric key parser 'x509' registered
[ 0.727153] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 245)
[ 0.727507] io scheduler mq-deadline registered
[ 0.727764] io scheduler kyber registered
[ 0.813279] pl061_gpio 9030000.pl061: PL061 GPIO chip registered
[ 0.825975] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: host bridge /pcie@10000000 ranges:
[ 0.827368] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: IO 0x003eff0000..0x003effffff -> 0x0000000000
[ 0.828378] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: MEM 0x0010000000..0x003efeffff -> 0x0010000000
[ 0.836674] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: MEM 0x8000000000..0xffffffffff -> 0x8000000000
[ 0.837728] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: Memory resource size exceeds max for 32 bits
[ 0.838600] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: ECAM at [mem 0x4010000000-0x401fffffff] for [bus 00-ff]
[ 0.844564] pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00
[ 0.845201] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [bus 00-ff]
[ 0.845527] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x0000-0xffff]
[ 0.845806] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x10000000-0x3efeffff]
[ 0.846035] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x8000000000-0xffffffffff]
[ 0.848205] pci 0000:00:00.0: [1b36:0008] type 00 class 0x060000
[ 0.866489] pci 0000:00:01.0: [1af4:1000] type 00 class 0x020000
[ 0.867077] pci 0000:00:01.0: reg 0x10: [io 0x0000-0x001f]
[ 0.867319] pci 0000:00:01.0: reg 0x14: [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff]
[ 0.867602] pci 0000:00:01.0: reg 0x20: [mem 0x00000000-0x00003fff 64bit pref]
[ 0.867945] pci 0000:00:01.0: reg 0x30: [mem 0x00000000-0x0003ffff pref]
[ 0.868903] pci 0000:00:02.0: [1af4:1001] type 00 class 0x010000
[ 0.869118] pci 0000:00:02.0: reg 0x10: [io 0x0000-0x007f]
[ 0.869327] pci 0000:00:02.0: reg 0x14: [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff]
[ 0.869578] pci 0000:00:02.0: reg 0x20: [mem 0x00000000-0x00003fff 64bit pref]
[ 0.877101] pci 0000:00:01.0: BAR 6: assigned [mem 0x10000000-0x1003ffff pref]
[ 0.878045] pci 0000:00:01.0: BAR 4: assigned [mem 0x8000000000-0x8000003fff 64bit pref]
[ 0.878667] pci 0000:00:02.0: BAR 4: assigned [mem 0x8000004000-0x8000007fff 64bit pref]
[ 0.878974] pci 0000:00:01.0: BAR 1: assigned [mem 0x10040000-0x10040fff]
[ 0.879316] pci 0000:00:02.0: BAR 1: assigned [mem 0x10041000-0x10041fff]
[ 0.879638] pci 0000:00:02.0: BAR 0: assigned [io 0x1000-0x107f]
[ 0.879932] pci 0000:00:01.0: BAR 0: assigned [io 0x1080-0x109f]
[ 0.902320] EINJ: ACPI disabled.
[ 1.005956] virtio-pci 0000:00:01.0: enabling device (0000 -> 0003)
[ 1.014643] virtio-pci 0000:00:02.0: enabling device (0000 -> 0003)
[ 1.077828] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
[ 1.091495] SuperH (H)SCI(F) driver initialized
[ 1.101653] msm_serial: driver initialized
[ 1.111720] cacheinfo: Unable to detect cache hierarchy for CPU 0
[ 1.205334] brd: module loaded
[ 1.264892] loop: module loaded
[ 1.387865] virtio_blk virtio1: 1/0/0 default/read/poll queues
[ 1.406565] virtio_blk virtio1: [vda] 2097152 512-byte logical blocks (1.07 GB/1.00 GiB)
[ 1.442774] null_blk: disk nullb0 created
[ 1.443021] null_blk: module loaded
[ 1.452448] megasas: 07.719.03.00-rc1
[ 1.469757] physmap-flash 0.flash: physmap platform flash device: [mem 0x00000000-0x03ffffff]
[ 1.471771] 0.flash: Found 2 x16 devices at 0x0 in 32-bit bank. Manufacturer ID 0x000000 Chip ID 0x000000
[ 1.477760] Intel/Sharp Extended Query Table at 0x0031
[ 1.479369] Using buffer write method
[ 1.480784] physmap-flash 0.flash: physmap platform flash device: [mem 0x04000000-0x07ffffff]
[ 1.481947] 0.flash: Found 2 x16 devices at 0x0 in 32-bit bank. Manufacturer ID 0x000000 Chip ID 0x000000
[ 1.482274] Intel/Sharp Extended Query Table at 0x0031
[ 1.483095] Using buffer write method
[ 1.483427] Concatenating MTD devices:
[ 1.483582] (0): "0.flash"
[ 1.483692] (1): "0.flash"
[ 1.483798] into device "0.flash"
[ 1.583032] tun: Universal TUN/TAP device driver, 1.6
[ 1.610396] thunder_xcv, ver 1.0
[ 1.610905] thunder_bgx, ver 1.0
[ 1.611178] nicpf, ver 1.0
[ 1.619484] hns3: Hisilicon Ethernet Network Driver for Hip08 Family - version
[ 1.619820] hns3: Copyright (c) 2017 Huawei Corporation.
[ 1.620425] hclge is initializing
[ 1.624973] e1000: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Driver
[ 1.625150] e1000: Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Intel Corporation.
[ 1.625586] e1000e: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Driver
[ 1.625755] e1000e: Copyright(c) 1999 - 2015 Intel Corporation.
[ 1.626153] igb: Intel(R) Gigabit Ethernet Network Driver
[ 1.626329] igb: Copyright (c) 2007-2014 Intel Corporation.
[ 1.626629] igbvf: Intel(R) Gigabit Virtual Function Network Driver
[ 1.626817] igbvf: Copyright (c) 2009 - 2012 Intel Corporation.
[ 1.628192] sky2: driver version 1.30
[ 1.640891] VFIO - User Level meta-driver version: 0.3
[ 1.661548] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[ 1.690028] rtc-pl031 9010000.pl031: registered as rtc0
[ 1.690942] rtc-pl031 9010000.pl031: setting system clock to 2025-06-14T13:44:54 UTC (1749908694)
[ 1.693775] i2c_dev: i2c /dev entries driver
[ 1.736909] sdhci: Secure Digital Host Controller Interface driver
[ 1.737192] sdhci: Copyright(c) Pierre Ossman
[ 1.739366] Synopsys Designware Multimedia Card Interface Driver
[ 1.746517] sdhci-pltfm: SDHCI platform and OF driver helper
[ 1.760762] ledtrig-cpu: registered to indicate activity on CPUs
[ 1.777235] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
[ 1.777520] usbhid: USB HID core driver
[ 1.818448] NET: Registered PF_PACKET protocol family
[ 1.820199] 9pnet: Installing 9P2000 support
[ 1.824804] Key type dns_resolver registered
[ 1.826834] registered taskstats version 1
[ 1.827518] Loading compiled-in X.509 certificates
[ 1.940400] input: gpio-keys as /devices/platform/gpio-keys/input/input0
[ 2.424014] ALSA device list:
[ 2.424262] No soundcards found.
[ 2.429817] uart-pl011 9000000.pl011: no DMA platform data
[ 2.474053] EXT4-fs (vda): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Quota mode: none.
[ 2.474746] VFS: Mounted root (ext4 filesystem) readonly on device 254:0.
[ 2.480773] devtmpfs: mounted
[ 2.562204] Freeing unused kernel memory: 8704K
[ 2.563499] Run /sbin/init as init process
[ 3.270449] systemd[1]: systemd 252.36-1~deb12u1 running in system mode (+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +APPARMOR +IMA +SMACK +SECCOMP +GCRYPT -GNUTLS +OPENSSL +ACL +BLKID +CURL +ELFUTILS +FIDO2 +IDN2 -IDN +IPTC +KMOD +LIBCRYPTSETUP +LIBFDISK +PCRE2 -PWQUALITY +P11KIT +QRENCODE +TPM2 +BZIP2 +LZ4 +XZ +ZLIB +ZSTD -BPF_FRAMEWORK -XKBCOMMON +UTMP +SYSVINIT default-hierarchy=unified)
[ 3.272097] systemd[1]: Detected virtualization qemu.
[ 3.273149] systemd[1]: Detected architecture arm64.
Welcome to Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)!